The side effects of Herbal and chemical Medications

My first Key Element was:

What is side affects?

(I have made a mind map as shown above of what I know)

The snowball affect is when you use the medication and then get side affects so you must buy more medications.

My first focus points are:

What medications have side affects?

My Second key element was:

How much do they cost?

(I have made a mind map below of what I have learnt)

My focus points are:

How much do herbal medications cost?

How much do chemical medications cost?

What is the difference?

I hope that I have helped you to learn more and will be able to be smarter about your health.

By Rachel

An ice cube will stick to a piece of string with some salt

My Hypothesis for the Science – sational Symposium is, “An ice cube will stick to a piece of string with some salt. To prove my point I have done some experiments, research and watched TV to answer all my questions.

My procedure for this topic is:

What you will need:

• Full glass/cup of water
  
• 30cm in length of string
  
• 1 ice cube
  
• Salt
  

Steps:

1. Fill up your glass/cup with normal water and place on a sturdy and flat surface.
   
2. Put the ice cube in the glass/cup and lay your 30cm piece of string over the top of the glass so it is touching the ice cube.
   
3. Put about half a teaspoon of salt on top of the ice and string and leave it there for about 10-20 seconds.
   
4. Slowly lift up both sides of the string until the ice cube is out of the water.
   

My first key question is, “How does the salt stick to the iceblock?” And to answer this question I watched TV and did some research and this is how it happens. When you put salt on ice it actually melts the ice to form a type of sticky glue which is how it all sticks together.

My focus points for key question no.1 is, ‘Could you freeze a cherry and do the same procedure?’ No you can’t for when you put the cherry in the glass it sinks so you have to put it on a plate and do the procedure just as you would do in a glass of water,
but because the cherry has not got a layer of ice around it the procedure doesn’t work for there is no ice for the salt to melt and stick with. No.2 is, ‘Could you freeze a piece of bread and do the same procedure?’ My experiment with the bread didn’t work for when you put the object in the water it goes soggy straight away leaving no ice for the salt to bond with, and no.3 is, ‘Could you freeze a leaf and do the same procedure?’
The leaf also didn’t work for the exact same reason as why the bread didn’t work. To answer all those focus points I did experiments.

Now to my second Key Question which is, ‘Would it matter if you were to put something on the ice cube before or after you put on the salt?’ And the answer to that is, sometimes as you will find out why in my focus points. No. 1 is, Bicarbonate Soda? When you put the bicarb on before the salt it doesn’t matter for when you put it on in the 10 to 15 seconds that you have to leave the procedure for it eventually dissolves leaving no effect on the procedure. When you put the bicarb on after the salt it doesn’t effect the procedure either No. 2 is, Citric Acid, when you put the citric acid on before you put on the salt the procedure still works for as I found out the citric acid does exactly the same thing as what the salt does which is, that when you put the citric acid/salt on the ice cube it immediately starts to melt the ice to form a type of sticky glue, so when I put the citric acid on after the salt as expected it still didn’t effect the procedure for the exact reason as before. No. 3, Cornstarch, when you put the cornstarch on the ice before the salt the procedure doesn’t work for when the cornstarch is put on the ice it forms a gooey layer leaving no was for the salt to get past and bond with the salt. When the cornstarch is put on after the salt it doesn’t affect the procedure because even though the cornstarch still forms a gooey layer, it is formed ontop of the salt so the salt is still able to do its normal job.

My last Key question is ‘Does it matter what type of string you use?’ And the answer to that is yes it does matter what type of string you use as you will find out in my focus points. No.1, Cotton, Cotton doesn’t work for it is too thin and weak to carry the weight of the ice cube therefore meaning that it cuts through the layer of salt until it reaches the surface. No.2, Shiny rope, Shiny rope does work, because the string has a rough surface the string lets itself cling to the salt and ice cube. No.3, Plastic string, Plastic string doesn’t work because the string doesn’t have a rough surface therefore it is not able to cling to the salt and ice cube like the shiny rope.

I hope I taught you about my topic and that I proved my hypothesis to you.

By Amanda

Many things help to make a plane fly

My hypothesis is:

Many things help to make a plane fly.

I have learnt some very interesting things including:

• Fixed wings
  
• Propulsion, controls, tail of the plane and fin at the top of the back of a plane
  
• Air pressure, wings, thrust,
  lift,
  drag and weight
  
• Thrust is an engine that pushes plane forward.
  
• Lift is caused by thrust causing a plane to go up
  
• Drag helps the plane’s balance. If it has more drag, the plane would go slow. If it has less drag, the plane would go faster.
  
• Weight is that the plane is up the air and pulls down to earth in a runway.
  

To help me understand I also went to International Airparts Warehouse at Warriewood and met Mr Neil Macgowan who is the Manager of the Aircraft Engineering Department. He showed me some Rolls Royce turbo engines and aircraft wings and explained how these worked to me.

Below are some examples of Turbo Engines and how they work

Website

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Turbojet_operation-_centrifugal_flow.png

I also went to their hanger out at Bankstown where I was able to go inside some aeroplanes and helicopters and look at controls, different tails, fins, wings, and propellers of planes that help planes to fly.

I also did some experiments with paper planes which helped me to understand propulsion. Throwing the paper plane is the propulsion (thrust) that is needed to push the plane forward and the way the wings are shaped helps lift the plane.

In summary a plane needs propulsion or thrust (engines) to propel a plane forward. Other things include drag and lift and many other things that are mentioned in my hypothesis results.

Mr Soper I hope you like my hypothesis and you learnt some more about how planes fly. I really liked doing this and want to learn lots more about planes.

From

Devon

We all have acid in our body

We all have acid in our body

I have done the science-sational symposium on our digestive system and my hypothesis is ‘we all have acid in our body.’ My audience is stage 3; I have found out a lot about our digestive system and how it works, it’s very interesting.

Now, about my questions and answers;

My first key element is ‘How does the mucus stop the acid?’

My first focus point is ‘what is the mucus made of?

Second ‘how thick is the mucus?’

And third ‘where is the mucus?’

I have found out that the mucus is made of mucus-secreting cells and that the mucus in our stomach covers our whole stomach so none of it burns or gets raw from the acid eating it.

When you’re sick you get more mucus because infection thickens the mucus but when you’re getting better it starts to go away.

My key element 2 is ‘what is the acid?’

My focus point 1 is ‘what is in the acid?’

Second focus point ‘what does the acid do?’

And third ‘how strong is the acid?’

I have found out that our stomach acid breaks down our food and passes the food into your blood stream.

Your stomach is like a food processor because it churns the food into a creamy liquid called chyme. The stomach expands like a balloon to fit a full five course meal into it.

The stomach acid is just another digestive juice that your body has made to help your body with the digestive process.

Our stomach acid is strong enough to only break down food and the rumours that say that our stomach acid can break down metal are not true.

Our stomach acid breaks down our food to make it into a mush and make it smaller so we can digest it easier.

The stomach acid kills the germs and bacteria from the food we’ve just eaten and the spit we’ve swallowed.

The other information I have found out is:

There are two sets of very strong muscles from the walls of your digestive system. The middle rings of muscle push the food down. Our digestive system squeezes the food down and sucks the remaining water like a sponge. The pumping, twisting outer muscles mash the food.

Mucus, nerves, and blood vessels cover the whole digestive system. Mucus heals and helps the food’s passage and protects the stomach walls from its own acids. The glands make enzymes and hormones to mash and break food down. Together, hormones and nerves control the digestion system.

Nerves can speed up and slow down your digestion.

For my procedure I put an apple and a piece of bread on a plate and poured some hydrochloric acid onto it. I waited about 3 minutes for the hydrochloric acid to eat through the bread until it turned into a nice mush but it didn’t fully disintegrate the bread, just like what happens in your stomach when you eat something. I did just the same thing with the apple but it took longer to break down.

I hope that I have proven to you that we all have acid in our bodies and if we didn’t, well the toilet would be torture and we wouldn’t get the nutrients we need.

My bibliography is

1) http://www.madsci.org/posts/archives/1997-08/871783451.An.r.html

2) Wonders of science – readers digest pathfinders

3) Jaquelene Mackie and Marc Mackie

4) http://answers.yahoo.com/question/index?quid=20071212174332AAiOleA

5) http://www.gesta.org.au/digestive-system/stomachcfm

6) Human body revealed- Dr sue Davidson and Ben Morgan page 29

7) Children’s first book of human body- Neil Morris pg 28

8) David Mackie 5/9/09

From Nicole

Bath bombs fizz more efficiently in hot water

My hypothesis for the science-sational symposium is “bath bombs fizz more efficiently in hot water”

Procedure

You will need:

1.2 containers

2. Hot water

3. Cold water

4. 2 bath bombs

Steps:

1. Fill the containers

2. Fill one with warm water

3. Fill the other one with cold water

4. Put the bath bombs in the containers

5. See what happens

Key question 1: what are bath bombs made of?

Bath bombs are made out of household items and I will tell you them

1. Citric acid

2. Bicarb soada

3. Food colouring

4. Cornstarch

5. Fragrance oil

What makes a bath bomb fizz: A bath bomb fizzers because they have citric acid and bicarb soda, which react when put together with water.

Key question 2: why is hot water more effective?

Bath bombs contain sodium carbonate, the base, and a mild acid such as citric acid (from lemons) or tartaric (from grapes)

The bubbling effect of the acid-base reaction in soap bombs is added to by the effect of the bubble bath type soap also used in the making of the bath bomb. Hot water makes the base and the acid react quicker which makes it fizz faster.

Through my experiment I have learnt that bath bombs fizz more efficiently in hot water.

From tayla

You can make small, safe fireworks out of household objects.

You can make small, safe fireworks out of household objects.

Introduction:

My firework will look like a small fireball made from simple chemistry.

Aim:

For my firework to look like a fireball of flame.

To prove my hypothesis you will need the following:

Tip: This experiment will look alot better in the dark

Method:

Firstly, you should cut the lemon into eighths.

Then scoop out the juicy inside of the lemon with the spoon

Until you are left with the lemon rinds.

Next, you must use the matches to light the candle

After that, you should fold the lemon with the hard, outside of the

Lemon facing the flame on the candle while you hold it about two

Centimetres away from the flame.

What should happen is that that you may see a mist of orangey

Substance should come out of the peel and mix with the flame

and go up in a Flaming fireball.

The chemistry behind this:

Lemons have a peel which includes little compartments full of oily substances. When you bend the peel the outer layer of skin is stretched, and these compartments are flattened this squashes them until they eventually fail squirting out their contents in the form of a spray.

The oil which spray out are hydrocarbons – a bit like petrol – and are highly flammable, and you sprayed them out of the orange, so they are very well mixed with air. This means that the oxygen from the air can get to the oil in many places at the same time, so it burns very quickly in a fireball.

By Sam

What are car gears for?

Car Gears

Gears may look like a few little things put together to make something go but they’re not. They are complicated little metal pieces. They are little pieces of metal which have teeth that make your car go fast, slow, up hills, down hills and in reverse. The faster you go, the higher you put your gear, the easier your engine runs. The gears are shifted by a shift fork. One of the gears is powered by the engine.

What are gears for? And, why do we have them?

1. The engine is turned on and the power of the engine spins 1 gear and that spins all the others.
   
2. When you start moving and you want to change speed to go faster you change the gear (with a shift fork) to the next higher gear. The higher gear is smaller on the top and has to work less hard.
   
3. When you hit a hill, your gear will work harder and you have to change it to a smaller gear. A smaller gear is bigger on the top.
   
4. When you get on a highway and want to pick up the speed, you go to gear 6 (often the highest gear) and your gear easily runs.
   
5. When you get to the shopping mall and want to reverse into your parking spot, you change the gear and the gears start going the opposite direction and you reverse into your parking spot.
   
6. When you turn around and go back a different direction because of traffic, you have to do more changing of gears.
   

I think that gears are one of the most important parts of a car. Be careful that you don’t stick your hand near a gear while in motion. It could rip your hand off.

By Mark

Bibliography:

Video from Sam Mahdavi co-owner mahdavi motorsports www.howstuffworks.com

www.howstuffworks.com

Dave Zaluski (uncle) expert

Books: Force and Motion by Peter Lafferty publisher, Collins eye witness science, Cars by Chris Oxlade publisher, Mighty Machines.

auto.howstuffwork.com.transmissions.htm

auto.howstuffworks.com/search.PHP?terms

Salt can lower temperatures and also change the water conditions to enable objects to float

My S.S.S hypothesis is that salt can lower temperatures and also change the water conditions to enable objects to float. My questions also covered ocean waters, they are very salty and don’t freeze over. My experiment has to do with salt and what happens is the water in the cups have salt in them, 1 of them has no salt and another with 1 tsp of salt in the other with 2 tsp of salt. What happens is that you put the object in the non salty cup it drops to the bottom. With the others, the object slowly comes up to the top with the last cup the object would rise to the top quickly.

It’s easier to float in the ocean than a pool because of the salt the ocean contains.

Pascoe

White candles burn faster than coloured candles

My hypothesis is ‘White candles burn faster than coloured candles’.

There are five different types of wax: soy wax, paraffin wax, beeswax, gel wax and palm wax. I found out that paraffin wax has some deadly chemicals in it such as toluene and benzene which can cause cancer. Soy wax is the safest type of wax and is environmentally friendly.

The wick is the most important part of the candle because without the wick the candle wouldn’t burn. The wick is usually made of cotton but twine is good also. The wick has to be absorbent. There are three types of wicks: braided, flat or metal core. Metal core wicks are very bad for the environment and your health, so they are trying ban them. The wick has to be about 3cm longer than the candle because there needs to be something to light.

One of my Focus Points was what does flammable mean? So I looked it up in the dictionary and this is what is said, ‘Easily set on fire’.

For my presentation I am going to show the class a video of a white candle and a coloured candle burning at the same time. Then I will show the progression of the candles burning every hour until the first one has burned out.

Throughout my research for this project I was surprised that there were deadly chemicals used in the making paraffin wax. This really surprised me as most candles are made out of paraffin wax and not many people know the dangers of these chemicals. I have learnt a great deal about candles this term and I have especially loved learning about the chemistry side of my project.

Emily